System of electric traction.



No. 663,625. Patented 666. u, I900. m. T. HE FELICE;

SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC TRACTION.

A licatin filed June 9, 1900.

' (No Model.)

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No. 663,625. Patented Dec. ll, I900.

M. T. DE FELICE.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC-TRACTION.

(Application filed. June 9, 1900.)

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(No Model.)

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UNITED STATES P TENT @FFIQE.

MARCO TULLIO DE FEL ICE, OF ROME, ITALY.

SYSTEM OF ELECTRIC TRACTION.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 663,625, dated December 11, 1900.

Application filed. June 9, 1900. berial No. 19,689. iNo modem To a whom, it may concern:

Be it known that I, MARCO TULLIO DE FE- LICE, a subject of the King of Italy, residing at Rome, Italy, have invented a certain new and usefullmproyed System of Electric Traction by Surface Contact, of which the following is'a specification.

Automatic switches for electric traction by surface contacts are generally made in such a way that they are closed only when a car stands over the contact and they must never remain closed or must not close when the track is left free by the car. The importance of this arises from two essential circumstancesnamely, the freedom from danger which is essential for persons crossing the track and who may step upon the said contacts and the great waste from leakage of current which would take place, especially in winter, if a number of contacts remained continually closed; but it is very difficult to pronounce as to the safety of each system and to persuade the public of its harmlessness when the system has not been well designed from a technical point of view and is not based on details proved by practical experience. In the simplest systems which have hitherto been designed, such as that of Diatto, such safety appears on the face of it to be secured, the switch being formed only of a heavy cylinder of soft iron which rises under the action of a magnet, but which must fall down again by the effect of its weight immediately the attraction of the magnet ceases. In Diattos system, however, as well as in all the other systems in general use which are based only on the principles hereinbefore mentioned, it very frequently happens that by the effect of residual magnetism the soft-iron cylinder remains attract-ed even after the action of the magnet has ceased, thus rendering such sys tems dangerous. It has also been proposed to add the action of other mechanical parts, such as springs or pneumatic pumps, to the return action of the weight; but these systems certainly cannot in the long run give good results, seeing I hat the action depends upon mechanical parts which may easily deteriorate in time or by prolonged use and which after a certain time will no longer function in an absolutely-sure manner, and therefore cannot be exclusively counted on. The ideally perfect system, therefore, would be one in which the working was entirely governed by electricity and which did not contain any parts or mechanisms the faulty working of which might vary the action and the effect.

The present invention is shown in the accompanying drawings, in which Figures 1, 2, and 3 are illustrations of the principle on which the present} invention is based. Fig. 4 is'a view, partially in section, of an electromagnetic switch and the box containing it. Fig. 5 is a diagrammatic view showing the arrangement of the car and two switches. Fig. 6 is a section of differential coils. Fig. ,6 is a transverse section of the grooved core. Fig. 7 is a modification of the switch device. Fig. 8 is a section of the track with a modification in the arrangement of the r invention.

In the drawings the same characters represent the same parts.

If an iron cylinder 1, Fig. 1,1efthand diagram, be inserted to a third of its length into a magnetic coil 2, traversed by an electric current, the said iron cylinder becomes a magnet by the effect of induction and is influenced by a current of magnetic force which is parallel to the electric current and acts in the samedirection. Thesetwoactions bcingparallel, a reciprocal action takes place between them, the effect of which is to cause the iron cylinder to enter the coil until its two ends are arranged symmetrically in relation to the ends of the coil, as shown in the righthand diagram of Fig. 1. When the iron cylinder has reached the center of the magnetic coil, the force of attraction is at its maxim u m; but it may be increased at one of the ends of the coil by arranging there an iron washer 4, which is fixed on the wooden orebonite support of the coil 2, Fig. 2. In this manner to the dynamic action of the magnetizing-current which circulates in the coil is added the attraction of the movable cylinder 1, which has become an electromagnet upon the iron washer 4:, which is in a neutral condition and toward which the cylinder 1 moves. If, then, the same iron cylinder 1 be arranged as shown in Fig. 3, with one of its extremities inserted to a third of its length into the coil 2 and with the other end inserted to another third of its length into another coil 3, both coils being tent proportionate to the increase in the nu mher of ampere-turns which has taken place with regard to the other coil. It is unnecessary to remark that what takes place in the case of a variation in the number of ampereturns would also take place it the mass of the iron cylinder introduced into one of the two coils were caused to vary, the number of ampere-turns in the two coils remaining unchanged. It is on this principle that many of the systems of regulators for electric-arc lamps, so-called differential regulators, are based On this principle I base my system of electromagnetic switch for electric traction by surface-contacts, which consequently I also call differential.

The box containing the differential switch and which serves for my system of electric traction by surface-contact on the ground level consists essentially, of three principal partsfi rst,a differential electromagnetic system; second, a switching arrangement, and, third, an external casing or box containing the complete apparatus.

The differential electromagnetic system consists of the following parts: Two magnetic circuits of special form, designed in such a way as to have a considerable power of attraction, combined with a sufficiently great distance of attraction, a limited distance or, rather, interval between the attracting and the attracted parts, and a small excitationcurrent. These two magnetic circuits are represented in Fig. 6 by 6 and 7. They are similar, and they differ only in some details ofconstructionandintheirdimensions. They are connected with one another by a coupling-box 8, of diamagnetic metal, through which passes a tube 9, also of diamagnetic metal, and in the interior of the said tube a cylindrical core 10, of soft iron, slides, which core terminates in two conical trunks or ends 11, and it is this cylinder which at one time completes one of the two magnetic circuits and at another time the other, according to circumstances. Around the tube 9 and in the part which is contained in the magnetic circuit 6 there are two coils 13 and 12, of copper wire, wound suitably to operate as hereinafter described. The coil 13 is formed of a very large number of turns of wire of a comparatively small diameter, while the coil 12 is formed of a small number of turns of wire of larger size. Around the said tube 9 in the part included in the magnetic circuit turns inferior to those of the coils 13 and 12,

and the remaining part 16 is formed of a bifilar winding of the same wire, which thus works as a simple non-self-inductive resistance.

It is needless to point out that when an electric current passes into one of the coils 13 12 the iron core 10 will be drawn upward and will close the magnetic circuit 6,and, similarly, when an electric current passes into the coil 15 the core will be drawn downward, and will thus close the magnetic circuit 7; but in order that this latter action may take place no electric current must pass into the coils 13 or 12, because, the number of the ampere-turns of these two coils being much greater than that of the coil 15, the force of attraction of the former would maintain its superiority and the core 10 would remain drawn up to the top.

Having thus described the differential electromagnetic system, I will now pass to a de scription of the commutation or switching arrangement.

Externally and at the bottom of the magnetic circuit 7 a plate 17, of wood, is fixed, Fig. 4, which supports four metal cups 18 19, insulated electrically'one from another. Above these cups there are two metal bridges 20 21, which serve for electrically connecting two at a time the said four cups, which contain a quantity of mercury suflicient to form contact with the points of the bridges. The bridges 2O 21 are supported by a system of forked levers forming parallelograms 22, pivoted by means of screws 23 on two projecting and diametrically-opposed ribs which are formed on the magnetic circuit 6. This system of parallelogram levers is connected by means of a link 24 and a stirrup 25 to a rod 26, which is firmly connected with the core 10 in such a Way that when the latter is down in its normal position of repose the small bridge 21 closes the circuit through the cups 19, while, on the other hand, when the core is drawn to the top by the magnetic circuit 6 the little bridge 21 is raised from off the cups 19, and the circuit is thus opened. The small bridge 20 in this case instead of being raised off the cups 18, as was the case when the core was at the bottom, is now lowered,

thus closing the circuit through the cups 18.

Having thus described the mechanical part of the switching arrangement, I will now explain how the electric circuits are arranged.

One end of the wire-of the coil 13 is connected with one of the cups 19 by wire 13 while the other end of the same coil is connected with the mass of the magnetic circuit 6, (see Fig. 6,) and, on the other hand, the other cup 19-is connected with the earth, or

preferably with the rail which constitutes the return-conductor. One end of the coil 12 is connected with the mass of the magnetic circuit 6 and theother end is connected by wire 12 with one of the cups 18, the other cup 18 being connected with the cable which conveys the current which must feed the vehicle. One end of the coil 15 is connected with the end of the coil 12 which is connected with the cup 18, while the other end of the same coil 15 is brought to the earth or connected with the cup 19, which communicates with the rail.

In accordance with what I have hereinbefore explained, it is evident. that when the core is in its position of repose the circuit of the coil 12, as well as that of the coil 15, is interrupted, while at the same time the circuit of the coil 13 is connected with the earth, so that in the mass of the apparatus there will be communication with the earth. When, on the contrary, the core 10 is attracted to the top, the circuit of the coil 13 is interrupted and the circuit of the coil 12 is in com munication with the cable which carries the current, so that in the mass of the apparatus there is the current which serves to feed the car, the coil 15 in this case being in derivation (shunt) with the circuit-including coil 12 and extends to earth.

The external casing or box containing the apparatus consists of a slightly-tapering vessel 27, of cast metal, having at the lower part of one side a screwed or threaded hole 28, in which acastnnetal sleeve 29 is screwed, which serves as a passage for a cable 30, conveying the current, and to form a hermetic joint when a special insulating material-such, for instance, as Ohattertonsis poured therein. This vessel is closed at the top by a cast-metal lid or cover 31, provided with a Washer of elastic material 32, which serves to render the closing of the vessel hermetically tight. The said lid is fixed on the vessel by means of screws 33. This lid is bored in the center 34 to give passage to the screwed cast-metal head 35 of themagnet-ic circuit 6. On this head is screwed a stud 36, of phosphor-bronze, serving as current-contact for the skate or friction piece of the car. In order, then, to electrically insulate the same stud from the castmetal cover, a washer 37, of micanitc or ambroine or othersuitable insulating substance, is provided, and an external washer or packing of asphalt 38.

The head of the screw of the magnetic field 6, in addition to being screwed onto the stud 36, is also screwed onto a small cast-metal plate 39, which in its turn is fixed to the lid or cover 31 by means of four iron bolts 40, and the whole is insulated electrically from the lid or cover 31 by means of a disk 41 and sleeves 42, which are of the same material as the insulation 37 of the stud 36.

In accordance with what I have hereinbefore described it is evidentthat all the electrical and mechanical parts are fixed to the cover or lid of the box 27, and this arrange of bare copper wires with the rails.

mentis adapted to facilitate the readjustment of the apparatus in case of derangement.

It will now be shown how the electric current which is intended to work the vehicle passes from the cable 30, which enters into the box 27 by the opening 28, to the-other parts successively of the apparatus; On the bottom of the box 27 and in its center is placed an insulating-block 43 of the same material as the washers 37, 41, and 42. In this block the cable 30 terminates and communicates with a copper disk 44. A stirrup of iron 45, insulated electrically from the rest of the ap paratus, is fixed on the lower part of the magnetic circuit 7, and said stirrup 45 carries two pins 46, sliding in corresponding holes and forming one with a copper disk 47, which is compelled to remain in its lower position rela' tive to the stirrup-support by meansofaspring 48. In this manner it is clearly seen that when the lid 31 is put in position on the box 27 the disk 47 will exactly fit the disk 44 and will be held pressed on this disk bythe action of the spring 48, and will thus effect the taking of the electric current from the cable 30. The disk 47 is connected electrically with the corresponding cup 18, which is to receive the current from the cable. The cup 19, which is to be connected with the earth, is connected electrically with the lid 31 of the box 27 by wire 33, and by means of the screw 33 it is also in electrical communication with the box 27, the latter finally being joined by means The wholeiapparatus is immersed in heavy tar-oil for the following different purposes, viz: to diminish the sudden movements of the softiron cylinder 10, to betterpreserve everything contained in the box 27 from the action of external moisture, to insulate the various parts better from one another, and to briskly interrupt the current on the different movements of the core, thus avoiding the formation of short voltaic arcs.

The following are some further details of the apparatus: The regulating-screw 49, situated on the threaded head 35 of the magnetic circuit 6 and shown on a larger scale in Fig. 6, serves to limit the upward course of the core 10. There are also three grooves in the core, allowing three equidistant generatinglines, one of which is shown in Fig. 6 at 50, and which serve to facilitate the movements of the core itself. Two projecting bands 51 serve to guide the core itself. A brass rod 26, screwed to the core 10, serves to communicate the movements of the latter to the stirrup 25.

Another form of construction of the switching system is shown in Fig. 7. In this arrangement the parallelogram levers 22, the small bridges 2O 21, the cups 18 19, containing the mercury, the table 17, and the stirrup 25 are all dispensed with, a spring-piece 52 being fixed rigidly to the rod 26, but insulated electrically, and carrying at'its two ends two little graphite or carbon blocks 53,

IIO

I e I 1 l interconnected electrically and forming thus a bridge by means of the spring-piece orsupport 52. Beneath the magnetic circuit 7and on its circumference directly opposite to one another two other small blocks 54 of graphite or carbon are fixed, which are insulated electrically from one another and from their-support and one of which is in electric communication with one end of the coil 12 and with one end of the coil 15 and the other with the copper disk 47, which takes the electric current from the cable 30. On the stirrup 45 two other little blocks 55 of carbon or graphite corresponding to the small blocks 53 54 are fixed and insulated electrically from one another and from their support, one of which blocks 55 is in communication with one end of the coil 13 and the other with the ground and with the other end of the coil 15. It is therefore evident that when the core is in the lower position the carbon blocks 53 put in circuit the end of the coil 13 with the earth, and thus the stud 36 of the apparatus is in communication with the earth. When, on the contrary, the core 10 is drawn to the top, the communication of the coil 13 with the earth is interrupted, while the carbon blocks 53 in this case close the circuit of the end of the coil 12 with the cable conveying the current, and thus the current of the cable is'obtained which must feed the car from the stud 36.

Having thus described the electromagnetic switch and the current-contact stud, I will now describe its working when it is placed along the axis of the rails of an electric tramway.

Fig. 5. shows, diagram matically, the electric connections of two electromagnetic switches placed on two sections of track, which must be at a slightly-less distance apart than the length of the current-taking skate of-the car or vehicle, so that the latter before quitting the one stud shall be already in contact with the next succeeding stud. In this figure itis assumed that the car, with its shoe or skate, is on the stud 36, and consequently the switch which stands under the said stud is seen in its raised position, so that the current traverses the coils 12 and but as the coil 12 has a greater number of ampere-turns in any case than the coil 15 the soft-iron core 10 will be attracted by the coil 12. By this means the carbon bridge 52 53 will be raised and be brought in contact with the carbon block 54, thus closing the circuit of the cable 30, which by this means Will be placed in communication by means of the coil 12 with the stud 36. The core 10 being raised, and with it the bridge 52, the circuit of the carbon block 55 will be opened, and consequently the circuit of the coil 13, with the ground or the rail constituting the return of current, will be interrupted, and thus there will be flow of the current from the cable to the stud 36, but no communication with the rail constituting the return of current. The current will therefore go by the stud 36 to the skate 56 or current-taker of the car, and from the latter it will pass through the motor, returning to the generating-station by the rails 57. As soon as the current-taking skate (by the action of the movement of the vehicle on the track in one direction or the other) has quitted the stud 36 the circuit is interrupted, and as the current no longer passes through the coil 12, but only through the coil 15, thelat ter will have the greater attraction, and then the core 10,in addition to the action of gravity, will be forced to fall down by the magnetic action of the coil 15, which action continues until the carbon bridge 52 53 quits the con tact with the carbon blocks 54. By the fact that the core 10 falls the carbon bridge 52 53 is lowered and opens the circuit between the carbons 54-that is to say, between the cable and the end of the coil 12-and consequently it thus breaks the connection of the solenoid 15 with the cable 30. The core 10 being lowered, and with it also the carbon bridge 52 53, the latter closes the circuit of the carbons that is to say, of the coil 13 with the railand consequently the stud 36 thus communicates with the rail constituting the return of current and the switch finds itself in its normal position of repose, as may be seen in the same view, Fig. 5, for the switch corresponding to the other stud 36, which is not touched by the current-taking skate of the car. When the end of the current-taking skate of the vehicle encounters this stud, as the said skate has not yet quitted the preceding stud, a portion of the current. which feeds the motor of the vehicle, passing through the stud on which the end of the skate rests, will pass by the wire of the corresponding coil 13 through the carbons 53 55 and will return directly to the rail 57. By this circumstance the core 10 will be attracted by the coils 13,

and, rising, it will close the respective switch between the carbons 53 54 and the coil 12 and will maintain it closed until the current-taking skate of the vehicle remains upon the corresponding stud 36. In this manner when the skate of the vehicle has quitted the preceding stud 36 it is thefresh stud over which the shoe is passing that will feed the motor of the vehicle.

All that has been stated hereinbefore assumes that the vehicle was already in movement. The following is the method in which the vehicle is caused to pass from a stationary condition into a moving one, and consequently how the core ]Oof the corresponding stud on which the current-taking skate of the stationary vehicle rests is caused to rise. With this object the same view, Fig. 5, represents, diagrammatically, the vehicle with its current-taking skate 56 and motor 58. On the vehicle there is provided a battery 59 of accum ulators of very small capacity, which battery is in derivation (shunt) with the circuit of the motor of the vehicle. The circuit of this battery is provided with an interrupter 60, which is operated by the driver, closing it at the moment he wishes to start the vehicle, and then the current will cause the core 10 of the stud, on which the current-taker of the vehicle rests, to rise, and thus the corresponding stud 36 will be supplied with current from the cable 30. In this manner the car maybe fed by current from the cable and will commence its movement. In the succeeding studs there will then take place what I have already hereinbefore described. It is needless to remark that the interrupter 60, which serves for closing the circuit of the battery 59, may be suppressed if the vehicle be provided with a suitable regulator capable of closing the circuit of the battery 59 in the first instance. Seeing that at each discharge the recharging takes place automatically, it is not necessary that it should have a great capacity nor that it should be expressly recharged during the working. The currenttaking skate 56 of the vehicle is made at each end with two contacts 61 62, insulated electrically from the remainder of the skate and communicating with the latter through resistances 63 64 in such a way that the skate on quitting the stud does not abruptly interrupt the total current which at such moment feeds the motor of the car,but gradually, in order not to give rise to a strong sparking and damage to the current-taking shoe or skate and the studs of the system.

Instead of locating the stud 36 on the cover or lid of the box and placing the said box between the rails the stud 36, as shown in Fig. 8, may be placed between the rails and be v connected with the box 27, placed at the side of the track by means of a cable 65. I11 this case the lid of the box is formed of a single piece without holes or openings which might facilitate the passage of water to the interior of the box.

From what has been stated the working of the whole system will now be clearly evident;

, but it is useful to make some observations of a general character on the system itself for more clearness and in order to allow the advantages to be better understood and to refute in advance some doubts which might arise in the mind of a technologist.

The force necessary for opening and closing the switch is very slight, since it is sufficient if the iron core have a light weight. This core is guided in its up-and-down movements by two guides 51, placed near its ends.

It might be objected that by the action of phenomena of induction and a strong sparking that the mercury or carbon contacts of the switch might undergo alterations; but it maybe observed that the circuit of the coil 12 is interrupted when the skate of the vehicle has already abandoned the corresponding stud, and consequently the current which may continue to circulate between the cable and the mercury-cup will be that derived which feeds the coil 15 and which is of slight intensity, and consequently the effects of induction will be very limited.

The whole switch is contained in a box 27 of cast metal or other suitable material, the metal cover of which may form the contact stud or surface. The whole must be designed in such a way asto be capable of thoroughly resisting great pressures and to support violent shocks.

The contacts may be placed in the ground on masonry foundations or be incased in blocks of granite or other suitable stone. The stud over which the current taker or skate of the vehicle passes must be made of phosphor-bronze in order to better resist the wear produced by friction and must be made in such a way as to be capable of being easily changed or replaced when they become worn.

An important condition is to have a hermetic closing or joint in order to prevent external substances from passing into the interior of the commutator, especially water. This is obtained by screwing the cover or lid on the box, and thus causing it to fit perfectly on the annular surface of the box itself, and interposing between the latter and the former disks of india-rubber or other suitable elastic materials in drills in order to insure a perfect joint.

The system of surface contacts hereinbefore described serves equally well for a mixed application or combination with a trolleywire system.

Having now particularly described and ascertained the nature of my said invention and in what manner the same is to be performed, I declare that what I claim is 1-. The combination of contacts at intervals along a track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplying conductor, a branch working conductor and an electromagnetic switch between said supply-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a coil normally communicating with the corresponding contact and with a return-conductor, a second coil located in the branch working conductor and holding said branch closed while the branch is in use, and a differential coil for retracting the switch.

2. The combination of contacts at intervals alonga track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplying conductor, a branch-working conductor and an electromagnetic switch between said suppl y-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a magnetic body 6, coils 12, 13 therein, the latter normally communicating with its contact 36 and with a return-conduetor, coil 12 being in the branch working conductor normally open, a second magnetic body, 7, magnetically separate from body 6, a coil in body 7 for retracting the switch, a core common to the coils, and circuit-shifting parts moved thereby.

3. The combination of contacts at intervals along a track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplying conductor, a branch working conductor and an electromagnetic switch between said supply-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a coil normally communicating with the corresponding contact and with a return-conductor, a second coil located in the branch working conductor and holding said branch closed while the branch is in use, and a diiferential coil in a shunt to ground or a return-conductor from the branch working conductor for retracting the switch.

4. The combination of a car, an electric motor thereon, a current-collectingskate or shoe carried by the car, contacts at intervals along a track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplying conductor, a branch working conductorand an electromagnetic switch between said supply-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a coil normally communicating with the corresponding contact and with a returnconductor, a second coil located in the branch working conductor and holding said branch closed while the branch is in use, and a differential coil for retracting the switch.

5. The combination of acar, an electric motor thereon, a on rrent-collecting skate or shoe carried by the car, contacts at intervals along a track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplyingconductor, a branch working conductor and an electromagnetic switch between said supply-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a magnetic body 6, coils 12,13 therein, the latter normally communicating with its contact 36 and with a return-conductor, coil 12 being in the branch working conductor normally open, a second magnetic body, 7, magnetically separate from body (3, a coil in body Ww7 for retracting the switch, a core common to the coils, and circuitshifting parts moved thereby.

6. The combination of a car, an electric motor thereon, a current-collecting skate or shoe carried by the car, contacts at intervals along a track and adapted to be rubbed by a shoe on a passing car, a current-supplying conductor, a branch working conductor and an electromagnetic switch between said supply-conductor and each of said contacts, each switch having a coil normally communicating with the corresponding contact and with a returnconductor, a second coil located in the branch working conductor and holding said branch closed while the branch is in use, and a differential coil for retracting the switch, and a generator on the car-for giving an initial movement to the switch when starting the car.

7. The combination of the magnetic body 6, coils 12, 13 therein, non-magnetic ring 8, magnetic body 7, a retracting-coil therein, the outer ends of bodies 6, 7 having conical cavities, a core or armature common to the coils and having conical ends adapted to fit said conical cavities, and switch devices controlled by said coils and armature.

8. The combination of casing 27 having an opening for a conductor, a cover for the casing, a differential electromagnetic switch supported within the casing by said cover, and a rubbing contact 36 carried by the cover on its outer side.

9. The combination of casing 27- having an opening for a conductor, a conductor therethrough, an insulated plate in the bottom of the casing, a cover for the casing, a differential electromagnetic switch supported within the casing by said cover, and a rubbing contact 36 carried by the cover on its outer side, and a cooperating circuit-closing plate.

10. The combination of coils 12, 13, 15, a comm on core or armature therefor, the levers 22, 23 connected to form a parallelograunsnitable pivots therefor, means for connecting the armature to said levers, terminals 18, 18, and 19, 19, and bridges 20, 21 controlled by said levers.

11. The combination of the magnetic body 6 having a metal head 35, a stud 36 screwed thereon and adapted to be rubbed by a cnrrent-collecting skate or shoe on a car, coils in said body, a body 7, a differential coil therein,and circuit-switching contacts and devices, as set forth.

Signed at Rome, Italy, this 25th day of May,

MARCO 'IULLIO DE FELIOE.

Witnesses: GIOVANNI BORTOLUZZI, A. RAGGI. 

